Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) has enabled magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of tissue magnetic susceptibility to advance from simple qualitative detection of hypointense blooming artifacts to precise quantitative measurement of spatial biodistributions. QSM technology may be regarded to be sufficiently developed and validated to warrant wide dissemination for clinical applications of imaging isotropic susceptibility, which is dominated by metals in tissue, including iron and calcium. These biometals are highly regulated as vital participants in normal cellular biochemistry, and their dysregulations are manifested in a variety of pathologic processes. Therefore, QSM can be used to assess important tissue functions and disease. To facilitate QSM clinical translation, this review aims to organize pertinent information for implementing a robust automated QSM technique in routine MRI practice and to summarize available knowledge on diseases for which QSM can be used to improve patient care. In brief, QSM can be generated with postprocessing whenever gradient echo MRI is performed. QSM can be useful for diseases that involve neurodegeneration, inflammation, hemorrhage, abnormal oxygen consumption, substantial alterations in highly paramagnetic cellular iron, bone mineralization, or pathologic calcification; and for all disorders in which MRI diagnosis or surveillance requires contrast agent injection. Clinicians may consider integrating QSM into their routine imaging practices by including gradient echo sequences in all relevant MRI protocols.
[1]Weill Cornell Med Coll, Dept Radiol, New York, NY USA.
[2]Dept Biomed Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
[3]East China Normal Univ, Dept Phys, Shanghai, Peoples R China.
[4]Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Tongji Med Coll, Tongji Hosp, Dept Radiol, Wuhan, Hubei, Peoples R China.
[5]Univ Alberta, Dept Biomed Engn, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
[6]Weill Cornell Med Coll, Dept Med, Div Cardiol, New York, NY USA.
[7]RadNet Inc, Los Angeles, CA USA.
[8]Yueyang Hosp Integrated Tradit Chinese & Western, Dept Radiol, Shanghai, Peoples R China.
[9]Zhejiang Univ, Sch Med, Affiliated Hosp 2, Dept Neurol, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Peoples R China.
[10]Mt Sinai Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, New York, NY 10029 USA.
[11]Weill Cornell Med Coll, Dept Neurol Surg, New York, NY USA.
[12]Univ Lille, Dept Med Pharmacol, Lille, France.
[13]Univ Lille, Dept Neurol & Movement Disorders, Lille, France.
[14]Univ Lille, Dept Toxicol Publ Hlth & Environm, Lille, France.
[15]Univ Lille, INSERM, U1171, Lille, France.
[16]Univ Miyazaki, Fac Med, Dept Radiol, Miyazaki, Japan.
[17]Penn State Univ, Milton S Hershey Med Ctr, Dept Neurol, Hershey, PA 17033 USA.
[18]Penn State Univ, Milton S Hershey Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Hershey, PA 17033 USA.
[19]Penn State Univ, Milton S Hershey Med Ctr, Dept Neurosurg, Hershey, PA 17033 USA.
[20]Penn State Univ, Milton S Hershey Med Ctr, Dept Radiol, Hershey, PA 17033 USA.
[21]Univ Occupat & Environm Hlth, Sch Med, Dept Radiol, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
[22]Hosp Special Surg, Dept Neurol, New York, NY USA.
[23]Weill Cornell Med Coll, Parkinsons Dis & Movement Disorder Inst, New York, NY USA.
[24]Kyung Hee Univ, Coll Med, Kyung Hee Univ Hosp Gangdong, Dept Radiol, Seoul, South Korea.
[25]Univ Southern Calif, Keck Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA.
[26]Weill Cornell Med Coll, Dept Neurol & Neurosci, New York, NY USA.
[27]Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, New Haven, CT USA.
[28]Univ Melbourne, Florey Inst Neurosci & Mental Hlth, Oxidat Biol Unit, Parkville, Vic, Australia.
[29]Columbia Univ, Dept Pediat, Childrens Hosp New York, New York, NY 10027 USA.
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