For the reliable quality control of Portulaca oleracea L., multi-component simultaneous quantification, chromatographic fingerprint, and related chemometric techniques were applied for exploration. In order to obtain the best extraction efficiency and chromatographic resolution, extraction method and chromatographic conditions were optimized. The samples from different origins were collected and identified. With the use of the Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) and coupled Photo-Diode Array (PDA) detector, 18 characteristic peaks were comprised in the fingerprint common pattern. Among them, four marked components, including hesperidin, kaempferol, lupeol, and myricetin, were quantified. Similarity evaluation, principal component analysis, and hierachical cluster analysis were applied to demonstrate the distinction. All the results implied two conclusions: (1) chemical compositions of P. oleracea from different origins were very different; and (2) the simple, feasible, and effective method for quality control of P. oleracea was to determine the content of lupeol and then make a comparison of fingerprint atlas.